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Play By the Franchise Rules

Wednesday, October 31st, 2018

In its simplest form, “Franchising” is the license of the franchisor’s business or operating system and its trademark to a franchisee for some period of time, in exchange for a fee. The fee usually takes two forms: an initial franchise fee paid up front and an ongoing monthly royalties paid during the life of the franchise.

A common mistake of businesses wishing to expand in the U.S. is their attempts to avoid U.S. state and federal franchise laws that may apply.  In other words, these would-be franchisors attempt to avoid the disclosure requirements applicable to all franchisors in order to save on legal fees in the short-term.  However, this mindset may lead to substantial problems down the road.  These businesses oftentimes try to hold themselves out as “licensors” instead, and in doing so fail to provide to their “licensees” the franchise disclosure document (“FDD”) required of franchisors.

Although the preparation and annual maintenance of an FDD may not be cheap, the short-term legal costs are money well spent compared to the financial and other costs associated with lawsuits from disgruntled licensees, or even worse, investigations by state franchise administrators.

For example, a company’s failure to abide by state and federal franchise laws that require franchisors to disclose to the prospect in an FDD all material facts relating to the franchise system to prospective franchisees, and to register that FDD in certain states, can be catastrophic.  In addition to potentially giving a licensee/franchisee the right to rescind its agreement, other penalties include repaying back to the licensee/franchisee of all amounts paid to the company.  In addition, fines and/or penalties payable to the state may also be required.  Not to mention the legal fees that accrue with dealing with all of these potential issues.

The message is simple – don’t trade long-term security for short-term savings.  Have an experienced franchise lawyer advise you on the requirements of franchising at the outset.

 

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Reviewing a Franchise Agreement for a Franchisee Client

Monday, October 29th, 2018

When a franchisee client asks me to review a franchise agreement prior to signing, I review it with the mindset that if the franchisee’s business performs well, the franchisee will be happy with the franchise relationship and the agreement he or she signed, BUT if the franchised business ultimately fails, it is my job to protect the franchisee at the outset in the strongest way possible. Therefore I review a franchise agreement focusing on how best to protect my franchisee client’s personal assets in the event the franchised business fails.  Here are some of the things I look for in the franchise agreement:

1.  does the franchisee have an exclusive territory?

2.  may the franchisor alter the franchisee’s territory during the term of the agreement?

3.  may the franchisee advertise or market for clients outside the designated territory in areas that are not owned by other existing franchisees?

4.  what are the franchisee’s renewal rights? Attempt to limit what terms of the agreement the franchisor may change on renewal.

5.  what social media presence is the franchisee permitted to maintain?

6.  while there is most likely a personal guaranty, who is required to sign it? ie. spouses and/or passive investors?

7.  is there a cap on the personal guaranty of a reasonable amount that the franchisee and franchisor are comfortable with, or is it an unlimited guaranty? When negotiating on behalf of a franchisee, I attempt to limit the cap with the mindset that this amount is the franchisee’s buyout amount in the event the worst occurs and the franchisee has to stop operating.

8.  is there a right of first refusal of the franchisor in the event the franchisee wishes to sell the business, and what are its terms?

9.  is there a unilateral right of the franchisee to terminate the agreement? There are rare, but franchisee counsel should try to push for such a provision anyhow.

10.  are any of the franchisor’s rights to terminate the agreement out of the ordinary or particularly onerous?

11.  is there a liquidated damages clause in the event the franchise agreement is terminated?

 

 

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FDD – Sample Franchise Disclosure Questionnaire

Friday, October 26th, 2018

Below is a sample franchisee questionnaire that I recommend be included as an exhibit in each FDD I prepare.   In the event of a problem with the franchisee in the future, it is a powerful document for a franchisor to have, where the franchisee essentially stated at the time of sale that everything told by the franchisor to the franchisee during the sales process was included in the FDD.  In other words, no oral promises, representations or statements were made by the franchisor that did not mirror the FDD.

[SAMPLE]

FRANCHISEE DISCLOSURE QUESTIONNAIRE

As you know, _____________ “Franchisor” and you are preparing to enter into a Franchise Agreement for the operation of a Franchised Business. In this Franchisee Disclosure Questionnaire, Franchisor will be referred to as “we” or “us.”  The purpose of this Questionnaire is to determine whether any statements or promises were made to you that we did not authorize and that may be untrue, inaccurate or misleading.  Please review each of the following questions carefully and provide honest and complete responses to each question.

1.  Have you received and personally reviewed the Franchisor’s Franchise Agreement and each exhibit, addendum and schedule attached to it?

Yes        No

2.  Do you understand all of the information contained in the Franchise Agreement and each exhibit and schedule attached to it?

Yes        No

If “No”, what parts of the Franchise Agreement do you not understand?  (Attach additional pages, if necessary.)

3.  Have you received and personally reviewed our Franchise Disclosure Document we provided to you?

Yes        No

4.  Do you understand all of the information contained in the Franchise Disclosure Document?

Yes        No

If “No”, what parts of the Franchise Disclosure Document do you not understand?  (Attach additional pages, if necessary.)

5.  Have you discussed the benefits and risks of operating a Franchised Business with an attorney, accountant or other professional advisor and do you understand those risks?

Yes        No

6.  Do you understand that the success or failure of your business will depend in large part upon your skills and abilities, competition from other businesses, interest rates, inflation, labor and supply costs, lease terms and other economic and business factors?

Yes        No

7.  Has any employee or other person speaking on our behalf made any statement or promise concerning the revenues, profits or operating costs of a Franchised Business that we or our franchisees operate?

Yes        No

8.  Has any employee or other person speaking on our behalf made any statement or promise concerning a Franchised Business that is contrary to, or different from, the information contained in the Franchise Disclosure Document?

Yes        No

9.  Has any employee or other person speaking on our behalf made any statement or promise concerning the likelihood of success that you should or might expect to achieve from operating a Franchised Business?

Yes        No

10.  Has any employee or other person speaking on our behalf made any statement, promise or agreement concerning the advertising, marketing, training, support service or assistance that we will furnish to you that is contrary to, or different from, the information contained in the Franchise Disclosure Document?

Yes        No

11.  If you have answered “Yes” to any of questions seven (7) through ten (10), please provide a full explanation of your answer in the following blank lines.  (Attach additional pages, if necessary, and refer to them below.)  If you have answered “No” to each of such questions, please leave the following lines blank.

12.  Do you understand that in all dealings with you, our officers, directors, employees and agents act only in a representative capacity and not in an individual capacity and such dealings are solely between you and us?

Yes        No

 

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Mandatory Maryland Franchise Agreement Amendment

Friday, October 26th, 2018

Pursuant to the Maryland Franchise Registration and Disclosure Law, below are the mandatory amendments that must be made to a franchise agreement contained in a Franchise Disclosure Document attempting to be registered in the state of Maryland.  There are additional changes that must also be made to the disclosure portion of the Franchise Disclosure Document.

Maryland Franchise Agreement Amendment

In recognition of the requirements of the Maryland Franchise Registration and Disclosure Law, the parties to the attached Franchise Agreement (the “Agreement”) agree as follows:

1.     “execute a general release, in a form prescribed by Franchisor, of any and all claims against Franchisor and its subsidiaries and affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees.  Notwithstanding the above, pursuant to COMAR 02.02.08.16L, the general release required as a condition of renewal, sale, and/or assignment/transfer shall not apply to any liability under the Maryland Franchise Registration and Disclosure Law.”

2.     “the Franchisee’s execution of a general release of the Franchisor, in a form satisfactory to Franchisor, of any and all claims against Franchisor and its affiliates, successors, and assigns, and their respective directors, officers, shareholders, partners, agents, representatives, servants, and employees in their corporate and individual capacities, including, without limitation, claims arising under this Agreement, any other agreement between Franchisee and Franchisor or its affiliates, and federal, state, and local laws and rules.  Notwithstanding the above, pursuant to COMAR 02.02.08.16L, the general release required as a condition of renewal, sale, and/or assignment/transfer shall not apply to any liability under the Maryland Franchise Registration and Disclosure Law.”

3.     “Notwithstanding the above, the provision in the Franchise Agreement which provides for termination upon bankruptcy of the franchisee may not be enforceable under federal bankruptcy law (11 U.S.C. Section 101 et seq.).”

4.     “Notwithstanding the above, the parties agree that only with respect to claims arising under the Maryland Franchise Registration and Disclosure Law, Franchisee may bring such claims in any federal or state court in the state of Maryland.”

5.      “Limitations of Claims.  ANY AND ALL CLAIMS AND ACTIONS ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, THE RELATIONSHIP OF FRANCHISEE AND FRANCHISOR, OR FRANCHISEE’S OPERATION OF THE FRANCHISED BUSINESS, INCLUDING ANY PROCEEDING, OR ANY CLAIM IN ANY PROCEEDING (INCLUDING ANY DEFENSES AND ANY CLAIMS OF SET-OFF OR RECOUPMENT), MUST BE BROUGHT OR ASSERTED BEFORE THE EXPIRATION OF THE EARLIER OF (A) THE TIME PERIOD FROM BRINGING AN ACTION UNDER ANY APPLICABLE STATE OR FEDERAL STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS; (B) ONE (1) YEAR FROM THE DATE UPON WHICH A PARTY DISCOVERED, OR SHOULD HAVE DISCOVERED, THE FACTS GIVING RISE TO AN ALLEGED CLAIM; OR (C) TWO (2) YEARS AFTER THE FIRST ACT OR OMISSION GIVING RISE TO AN ALLEGED CLAIM; OR IT IS EXPRESSLY ACKNOWLEDGED AND AGREED BY ALL PARTIES THAT SUCH CLAIMS OR ACTIONS SHALL BE IRREVOCABLY BARRED; EXCEPT THAT ANY AND ALL CLAIMS ARISING UNDER THE MARYLAND FRANCHISE REGISTRATION AND DISCLOSURE LAW (MD. CODE BUS. REG. §§ 14-201 THROUGH 14-233) SHALL BE COMMENCED WITHIN THREE (3) YEARS FROM THE GRANT OF THE FRANCHISE. CLAIMS OF FRANCHISOR ATTRIBUTABLE TO UNDERREPORTING OF SALES, AND CLAIMS OF THE PARTIES FOR FAILURE TO PAY MONIES OWED AND/OR INDEMNIFICATION SHALL BE SUBJECT ONLY TO THE APPLICABLE STATE OR FEDERAL STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS.”

6.     “No Waiver.  The foregoing acknowledgments are not intended to nor shall they act as a release, estoppel or waiver of any liability incurred under the Maryland Franchise Registration and Disclosure Law.”

7.     Each provision of this amendment shall be effective only to the extent, with respect to such provision, that the jurisdictional requirements of the Maryland Franchise Registration and Disclosure Law are met independently without reference to this amendment.

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Washington State Franchise Addendum

Friday, October 26th, 2018

This is the mandatory addendum that must be included in any Franchise Disclosure Document that a franchisor is attempting to register in the state of Washington.  No edits/changes may be made:

Washington Franchise Agreement Addendum

The state of Washington has a statute, RCW 19.100.180 which may supersede the franchise agreement in your relationship with the franchisor including the areas of termination and renewal of your franchise. There may also be court decisions which may supersede the franchise agreement in your relationship with the franchisor including the areas of termination and renewal of your franchise.

In any arbitration involving a franchise purchased in Washington, the arbitration site shall be either in the state of Washington, or in a place mutually agreed upon at the time of the arbitration, or as determined by the arbitrator.

In the event of a conflict of laws, the provisions of the Washington Franchise Investment Protection Act, Chapter 19.100 RCW shall prevail.

A release or waiver of rights executed by a franchisee shall not include rights under the Washington Franchise Investment Protection Act except when executed pursuant to a negotiated settlement after the agreement is in effect and where the parties are represented by independent counsel. Provisions such as those which unreasonably restrict or limit the statute of limitations period for claims under the Act, rights or remedies under the Act such as a right to a jury trial may not be enforceable.

Transfer fees are collectable to the extent that they reflect the franchisor’s reasonable estimated or actual costs in effecting a transfer.

The undersigned does hereby acknowledge receipt of this addendum.

Dated this _____ day of __________________ 20______.

 

 

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Franchise Law and Future Royalties

Wednesday, June 16th, 2010

Case law on the subject of a franchisor’s ability to collect future royalties, that is, royalties for the remainder of the term of the franchise agreement, is conflicting. Courts across the country have been unable to agree on when a franchisor may collect future royalties.

While guaranteeing the collection of future royalties from a terminated franchisee is impossible, there is one obvious but often overlooked way to increase the likelihood that a court or arbitrator will find in the franchisor’s favor when faced with the issue. That is, to disclose to the franchisee in the FDD, and include language in the franchise agreement, stating with specificity the franchisor’s policy on collecting future royalties. State for what period of time the franchisee willl be responsible for such royalties, ie for a certain number of months, or until the end of what would have been the franchise term. Also include what amount the franchisee will be expected to pay, for instance the average royalties paid by the franchisee over the past 6 or 12 months, or whatever time period the franchisor seeks to use.

Including specific and detailed language in the FDD and franchise agreement will not guarantee that a franchisor prevails with regard to a future royalties claim. However, NOT including such language will in my view guarantee that the franchisor loses such a claim.

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FTC Franchise Rule Requires Audited Financials Except for Start-Up Franchisors

Tuesday, June 15th, 2010

A franchisor client recently asked me for clarification on the revised FTC Franchise Rule, specifically, whether audited financials are mandated by the FTC Rule in non-registration states, or whether less restrictive and less costly “reviewed” or “compiled” financials will suffice. The answer is clear that the revised FTC Rule does indeed require audited financials, with an exception for start-up franchisors:

Item 21: Financial Statements.

(1) Include the following financial statements prepared according to United States generally accepted accounting principles, as revised by any future United States government mandated accounting principles, or as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as provided in paragraph (u)(2) of this section, these financial statements must be audited by an independent certified public accountant using generally accepted United States auditing standards. Present the required financial statements in a tabular form that compares at least two fiscal years.

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